From: Diversity of sambals, traditional Indonesian chili pastes
No. | Sambal | Equivalent in English | Region of origin | Primary ingredients | Secondary ingredients | Processing | Reference | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red chili pepper | Bird’s eye chili pepper | Green chili pepper | Shallot | Garlic | Lime | Shrimp paste | Tomato | Others | Crushing | Chopping | Raw | Cooked | |||||
1 | Asam udeung | – | Aceh | ✓ | ✓ | Shrimp | ✓ | ✓ | [54] | ||||||||
2 | Asam teri | – | Aceh | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Salted anchovy | ✓ | ✓ | [55] | |||||||
3 | Udang | Shrimp | Aceh | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Shrimp | ✓ | ✓ | [56] | ||||||
4 | Andaliman | – | North Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Andaliman pepper (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | |||||||
5 | Natinombur | – | North Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Curcumin, ginger, candlenut | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
6 | Tuktuk | – | North Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Salted anchovy | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
7 | Balado | – | West Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [58] | ||||||
8 | Lado mudo | – | West Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [48] | ||||||
9 | Teri lado | – | West Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Salted anchovy | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | ||||||
10 | Uwok | – | West Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | ||||||
11 | Lado Belimbing | – | West Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) | ✓ | ✓ | [56] | ||||||
12 | Hijau Petai | Green bitter bean | West Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Bitter bean (Parkia speciosa) | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | ||||||
13 | Pilado Lauwok | – | Riau | ✓ | ✓ | Salted anchovies | ✓ | ✓ | [59] | ||||||||
14 | Kunyit | Turmeric | Riau | ✓ | ✓ | Turmeric, coconut milk | ✓ | ✓ | [60] | ||||||||
15 | Nanas | Pineapple | Riau | ✓ | ✓ | Pineapple | ✓ | ✓ | [60] | ||||||||
16 | Cencalok | – | Riau Island | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Dried shrimp | ✓ | ✓ | [61] | |||||||
17 | Lengkong | – | Riau Island | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Marine fish, coconut milk | ✓ | ✓ | [62] | ||||||
18 | Bilis Kacang | – | Riau Island | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Salted anchovy, peanuts | ✓ | ✓ | [63] | |||||||
19 | Tempoyak | – | Jambi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Tempoyak (fermented durian paste) | ✓ | ✓ | [20] | |||||||
20 | Salabance | – | Jambi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Catfish | ✓ | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
21 | Nio | – | Jambi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Grated coconut | ✓ | ✓ | [20] | |||||||
22 | Durian | Durian | Bengkulu | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Durian (Durio zibenthinus) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
23 | Lecet | – | Bengkulu | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [58] | ||||
24 | Peghiau | – | Bengkulu | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) | ✓ | ✓ | [64] | ||||||
25 | Lokan | – | Bengkulu | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Shellfish | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | |||||||
26 | Picak | – | Bengkulu | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [64] | |||||
27 | Piriak | – | Bengkulu | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Smoked fish | ✓ | ✓ | [64] | |||||||
28 | Jokjok | – | South Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Tamarind | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | ||||||
29 | Kweni | – | South Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | Kweni mango (Mangifera odorata) | ✓ | ✓ | [65] | ||||||||
30 | Mangga | Mango | South Sumatra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Unripe mango, palm sugar | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
31 | Asam | Sour | Bangka Belitung | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Tamarind | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | |||||||
32 | Rusip | – | Bangka Belitung | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Salted anchovy | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | ||||||
33 | Seruit | – | Lampung | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Kweni mango (Mangifera odorata) | ✓ | ✓ | [66] | ||||
34 | Asam kembang | – | Lampung | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | White mango (Mangifera kemanga) | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | ||||
35 | Kemiri | Candlenut | Jakarta | ✓ | ✓ | Candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | ||||||||
36 | Jahe | Ginger | Jakarta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Ginger | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | ||||||
37 | Dengkek | – | Jakarta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | ||||
38 | Belimbing wuluh | Bilimbi | Jakarta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi) | ✓ | ✓ | [68] | |||||
39 | Lokio | Chives | Jakarta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Chive | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||
40 | Bajak | – | Banten | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Lemongrass, palm sugar | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | ||||||
41 | Buraq | – | Banten | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) skin | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | |||||
42 | Cibiuk | – | West Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Lemon basil | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | ||||||
43 | Cobek | – | West Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Ginger, aromatic ginger | ✓ | ✓ | [68] | |||||
44 | Gandaria | Plum mango | West Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Plum mango (Bouea macrophylla Griff.) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
45 | Goang | – | West Java | ✓ | ✓ | Aromatic ginger | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | ||||||||
46 | Oncom | – | West Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Oncom (fermented tofu by-products) | ✓ | ✓ | [48] | ||||||
47 | Jengkol | – | West Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
48 | Kecombrang | – | West Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Ginger flower (Etlingera elatior) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
49 | Terasi | Shrimp paste | West Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||
50 | Leunca | – | West Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
51 | Krosak | – | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [69] | ||||||||
52 | Jenggot | Beard | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Grated coconut | ✓ | ✓ | [69] | |||||||
53 | Kacang | Peanuts | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Peanuts | ✓ | ✓ | [69] | |||||||
54 | Kecap | Sweet soy sauce | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Sweet soy sauce | ✓ | ✓ | [69] | |||||||
55 | Pencit | – | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Unripe mango | ✓ | ✓ | [48] | ||||||
56 | Tempe | Tempeh | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Tempeh | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||
57 | Tumpang | – | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Overripe tempeh | ✓ | ✓ | [68] | |||||
58 | Tempe gembus | – | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Tempe gembus (tempeh made from tofu by-products) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||
59 | Goreng hati | Fried liver | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Chicken liver, chicken gizzard, potatoes | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | |||||||
60 | Megono | – | Central Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Unripe jackfruit | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | ||||||
61 | Krecek | – | Yogyakarta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Krecek (deep-fried beef skin) | ✓ | ✓ | [70] | |||||||
62 | Bacem | – | Yogyakarta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Kaffir lime leaves | ✓ | ✓ | [70] | ||||
63 | Tolo | – | Yogyakarta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) | ✓ | ✓ | [70] | |||||||
64 | Kalasan | – | Yogyakarta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Tamarind, lemongrass | ✓ | ✓ | [60] | |||||
65 | Kemangi | Lemon basil | Yogyakarta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Lemon basil | ✓ | ✓ | [71] | ||||||
66 | Belut | Eel | East Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Eel | ✓ | ✓ | [66] | |||||||
67 | Kluwak | – | East Java | ✓ | ✓ | Kluwak (Pangium edule) | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | ||||||||
68 | Bawang | Onion | East Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Onion, palm sugar | ✓ | ✓ | [68] | ||||||
69 | Petis | – | East Java | ✓ | ✓ | Petis, peanuts | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | ||||||||
70 | Pecel | – | East Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Peanuts, palm sugar | ✓ | ✓ | [71] | |||||||
71 | Setan | Devil | East Java | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Madame Jeanette pepper (Capsicum chinense) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | ||||||
72 | Bongkot | – | Bali | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Ginger flower (Etlingera elatior) | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | ||||||
73 | Embe | – | Bali | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | ||||||
74 | Matah | – | Bali | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Lemongrass | ✓ | ✓ | [48] | |||||
75 | Tuung | – | Bali | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Eggplant | ✓ | ✓ | [71] | |||||||
76 | Nyuh | – | Bali | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Grated coconut | ✓ | ✓ | [72] | |||||
77 | Serai | – | Bali | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Lemongrass | ✓ | ✓ | [72] | ||||||
78 | Uyah tabio | – | Bali | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Salt, coconut oil | ✓ | ✓ | [68] | |||||||
79 | Cengkeh | Clove | West Nusa Tenggara | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) | ✓ | ✓ | [66] | |||||
80 | Plecing | – | West Nusa Tenggara | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [73] | |||||||
81 | Taliwang | – | West Nusa Tenggara | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [73] | |||||||
82 | Tota Fo'o | – | West Nusa Tenggara | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Coconut milk, unripe mango | ✓ | ✓ | [68] | ||||||
83 | Parado | – | West Nusa Tenggara | ✓ | Kaffir lime | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||||
84 | Beberok | – | West Nusa Tenggara | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Tamarillo, cucumber, asparagus bean | ✓ | ✓ | [74] | ||||||
85 | Luat | – | East Nusa Tenggara | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Lemon basil | ✓ | ✓ | [20] | |||||
86 | Ebi | Dried shrimp | West Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Dried shrimp | ✓ | ✓ | [66] | ||||||
87 | Suna | Garlic chives | West Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Garlic chives (Allium tuberosum) | ✓ | ✓ | [59] | |||||||
88 | Kepah | – | West Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Shellfish (Asaphis sp.) | ✓ | ✓ | [60] | |||||
89 | Rimbang | Turkey berry | Central Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Turkey berry (Solanum torvum) | ✓ | ✓ | [60] | ||||||
90 | Lucung | – | Central Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Ginger flower (Etlingera elatior) | ✓ | ✓ | [60] | ||||||
91 | Cacapan | – | South Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | Tamarind | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | ||||||||
92 | Habang | – | South Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Tamarind, ginger, cinnamon | ✓ | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
93 | Acan | – | South Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Unripe mango | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | ||||
94 | Ramania | – | East Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Plum mango (Bouea macrophylla Griff.) | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | |||||||
95 | Asam Binjai | – | East Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Binjai (Mangifera caesia) | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | ||||||
96 | Gami | – | East Borneo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | White-spotted spinefoot (Siganus canaliculatus) | ✓ | ✓ | [60] | ||||
97 | Tudai | – | North Kalimantan | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Blood clam (Tegillarca granosa) | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | ||||||
98 | Cakalang | Skipjack tuna | North Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Smoked skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) | ✓ | ✓ | [68] | |||||
99 | Dabu-dabu | – | North Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | |||||
100 | Rica-rica | – | North Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Lemongrass | ✓ | ✓ | [57] | ||||||
101 | Roa | – | North Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Ballyhoo halfbeak (Hemiramphus brasiliensis) | ✓ | ✓ | [60] | |||||||
102 | Tongkol | – | North Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Red-tailed rock goby (Sicyopterus lagocephalus) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||
103 | Duo sale | – | Central Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Unripe mango, coconut milk | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
104 | Lawar kacci | – | West Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Unripe mango, coconut milk | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | ||||
105 | Kaluku | – | South Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Grated coconut, striped snakehead (Channa striata) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
106 | Tauco | – | South Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Tauco (fermented soybean paste) | ✓ | ✓ | [48] | |||||||
107 | Katokkon | – | South Sulawesi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) | ✓ | ✓ | [30] | |||||||
108 | Kenari | Walnut | North Maluku | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Walnut | ✓ | ✓ | [75] | ||||||
109 | Pepaya | Papaya | Maluku | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Papaya | ✓ | ✓ | [75] | ||||
110 | Colo-colo | – | Papua | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | [75] |